Transnational movement: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Pacific

Movements to and from the white settler colonies were always active during the colonial and nationalist phases, commonly represented in terms of expatriation and exile and centred on England, though with some movement to the US and Europe as well. In the post-war era, driven by European poverty and displacement and the need for labour in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, new cohorts of non-Anglophone Europeans emigrated and began to change the socio-cultural face of each nation. Increased migration to Canada, Australia and New Zealand from the 1970s, spurred by the collapse of old colonial economic ties, internal relaxation of Anglo-Celtic assimilation and by external international conflicts, led to the formation of hybridized diasporic communities that by the 1990s included the children and grandchildren of migrants, a visible Asian population, and a revised rhetoric of nationhood.